Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on total, sex- and age-specific all-cause mortality in 20 countries worldwide during 2020: results from the C-MOR project.

BACKGROUND: To understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality, this study investigates overall, sex- and age-specific excess all-cause mortality in 20 countries, during 2020. METHODS: Total, sex- and age-specific weekly all-cause mortality for 2015-2020 was collected from national vital statistics databases. Excess mortality for 2020 was calculated by comparing weekly 2020 observed mortality against expected mortality, estimated from historical data (2015-2019) accounting for seasonality, long- and short-term trends. Crude and age-standardized rates were analysed for total and sex-specific mortality. RESULTS: Austria, Brazil, Cyprus, England and Wales, France, Georgia, Israel, Italy, Northern Ireland, Peru, Scotland, Slovenia, Sweden, and the USA displayed substantial excess age-standardized mortality of varying duration during 2020, while Australia, Denmark, Estonia, Mauritius, Norway, and Ukraine did not. In sex-specific analyses, excess mortality was higher in males than females, except for Slovenia (higher in females) and Cyprus (similar in both sexes). Lastly, for most countries substantial excess mortality was only detectable (Austria, Cyprus, Israel, and Slovenia) or was higher (Brazil, England and Wales, France, Georgia, Italy, Northern Ireland, Sweden, Peru and the USA) in the oldest age group investigated. Peru demonstrated substantial excess mortality even in the <45 age group. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights that excess all-cause mortality during 2020 is context dependent, with specific countries, sex- and age-groups being most affected. As the pandemic continues, tracking excess mortality is important to accurately estimate the true toll of COVID-19, while at the same time investigating the effects of changing contexts, different variants, testing, quarantine, and vaccination strategies.

Acute Kidney Failure among Brazilian Agricultural Workers: A Death-Certificate Case-Control Study.

Recent evidence suggests that pesticides may play a role in chronic kidney disease. However, little is known about associations with acute kidney failure (AKF). We investigated trends in AKF and pesticide expenditures and associations with agricultural work in two Brazilian regions with intense use of pesticides, in the south and midwest. Using death certificate data, we investigated trends in AKF mortality (1980-2014). We used joinpoint regression to calculate annual percent changes in AKF mortality rates by urban/rural status and, in rural municipalities, by tertiles of per capita pesticide expenditures. We then compared AKF mortality in farmers and population controls from 2006 to 2014 using logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals adjusted by age, sex, region, education, and race. AKF mortality increased in both regions regardless of urban/rural status; trends were steeper from the mid-1990s to 2000s, and in rural municipalities, they were higher by tertiles of pesticide expenditures. Agricultural workers were more likely to die from AKF than from other causes, especially at younger ages, among females, and in the southern municipalities. We observed increasing AKF mortality in rural areas with greater pesticide expenditures and an association of AKF mortality with agricultural work, especially among younger workers.

Excess all-cause mortality and COVID-19-related mortality: a temporal analysis in 22 countries, from January until August 2020.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate overall and sex-specific excess all-cause mortality since the inception of the COVID-19 pandemic until August 2020 among 22 countries. METHODS: Countries reported weekly or monthly all-cause mortality from January 2015 until the end of June or August 2020. Weekly or monthly COVID-19 deaths were reported for 2020. Excess mortality for 2020 was calculated by comparing weekly or monthly 2020 mortality (observed deaths) against a baseline mortality obtained from 2015-2019 data for the same week or month using two methods: (i) difference in observed mortality rates between 2020 and the 2015-2019 average and (ii) difference between observed and expected 2020 deaths. RESULTS: Brazil, France, Italy, Spain, Sweden, the UK (England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland) and the USA demonstrated excess all-cause mortality, whereas Australia, Denmark and Georgia experienced a decrease in all-cause mortality. Israel, Ukraine and Ireland demonstrated sex-specific changes in all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: All-cause mortality up to August 2020 was higher than in previous years in some, but not all, participating countries. Geographical location and seasonality of each country, as well as the prompt application of high-stringency control measures, may explain the observed variability in mortality changes.

Investigation of congenital syphilis cases: tool for surveillance, permanent education and management / Investigação dos casos de sífilis congênita: ferramenta para vigilância, educação permanente e gestão

Introduction: Even though syphilis is an easily detectable and treatable disease, it is still considered a major public health problem, which may lead to Congenital Syphilis (CS). Objective: To analyze the final conclusion and the situations of vulnerability of cases of CS reported in Niterói in 2018 and 2019. Methods: A review of the reported cases of CS, except for abortions, diagnosed in 2018 and 2019, was carried out through SINAN forms and research questionnaires. Results: Of the 46 cases of CS in 2018 and the 107 cases in 2019, 8 (17.4%) and 4 (4%) did not undergo prenatal care, respectively; 2 (4.4%) and 4 (4%) were not screened for CS in the prenatal period; 3 (6.5%) and 13 (12%) were screened, but not treated; 11 (23.9%) and 17 (16%) did not receive an adequate treatment; 1 0 (21.7%) and 23 (21%) were reactive in the screening process, received adequate treatment, but were reinfected; 9 (19.6%) and 32 (30%) were reactive in the screening process, received adequate treatment, but had confirmed CS due to other criteria; 3 (6.5%) and 12 (11%) were nonreactive in prenatal care, but reactive in childbirth; and 0 (0%) and 2 (2%) were reactive, considered a serological scar, untreated, but confirmed by other criteria. The "low-income family" vulnerability aspect appears 21 times in 2018 and 50 times in 2019; "alcohol user", 11 times in 2018; "frequent change of address", 18 times in 2019. Conclusion: The social context of pregnant women living in Niterói in 2018 and 2019 may have determined the outcome of congenital syphilis.

Introdução: A sífilis, embora seja um agravo de fácil detecção e tratamento, ainda é considerada um grave problema de saúde pública, podendo acarretar a sífilis congênita. Objetivo: Analisar a conclusão final e as situações de vulnerabilidade dos casos de sífilis congênita residentes em Niterói (RJ) notificados em 2018 e 2019. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão dos casos de sífilis congênita residentes notificados, exceto abortos, com diagnóstico em 2018 e 2019, por meio das fichas do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação e dos questionários de investigação. Resultados: Dos 46 casos de sífilis congênita em 2018 e 107 em 2019, temos respectivamente que 8 (17,4%) e 4 (4%) não fizeram pré-natal; 2 (4,4%) e 4 (4%) não fizeram triagem para sífilis congênita no pré-natal; 3 (6,5%) e 13 (12%) fizeram triagem, porém não trataram; outros 11 (23,9%) e 17 (16%) não fizeram o tratamento adequado; 10 (21,7%) e 23 (21%) foram reagentes na triagem, tratamento adequado, porém reinfectaram; 9 (19,6%) e 32 (30%) foram reagentes na triagem, tratamento adequado, porém confirmaram sífilis congênita por outros critérios; 3 (6,5%) e 12 (11%) foram não reagentes no pré-natal, porém reagentes no parto; 0 (0%) e 2 (2%) foram reagentes, considerados cicatriz sorológica, não tratados, porém confirmaram por outros critérios. A vulnerabilidade família de baixa renda apareceu 21 vezes em 2018 e 50 vezes em 2019, usuária de álcool (11) em 2018, mudança frequente de domicílio (18) em 2019. Conclusão: O contexto social das gestantes residentes em Niterói em 2018 e 2019 pode ter determinado o desfecho de sífilis congênita.

Birth weight, life course factors and excess weight among schoolchildren in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2010

Abstract Objective: To investigate the association between birth weight and excess weight among students aged 6-14 years, adjusted for life course confounding factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 6-14-year-old schoolchildren in 2010; 795 school children from two public schools. In addition, a sub-sample was selected using a case-cohort study approach. Sociodemographic, breastfeeding, food introduction, previous weight gain, family history, current clinical and behavioral variables as well as maternal variables related to pregnancy, were collected. Multivariable weighted logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between birth weight and overweight. All prevalent cases of overweight (n = 160) were selected to compose the case group and a random sub-sample of all students participating in the study (n = 276 students, of whom 88 were cases) were the control group. Results: An unadjusted 6% increase in the excess weight prevalence ratio (p-value = 0.004) was found for each 100 g increase in birth weight. With adjustment for age, sex and behavioral variables (models 1 and 2), the association of birth weight with excess weight was positive and statistically significant, but it was no longer significant in the final model (model 3) when clinical variables were considered. Conclusions: Although some of the secondary associations were statistically significant, we could not identify a significant association between birthweight and excess weight in adolescents.

Birth weight, life course factors and excess weight among schoolchildren in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2010.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between birth weight and excess weight among students aged 6-14 years, adjusted for life course confounding factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 6-14-year-old schoolchildren in 2010; 795 school children from two public schools. In addition, a sub-sample was selected using a case-cohort study approach. Sociodemographic, breastfeeding, food introduction, previous weight gain, family history, current clinical and behavioral variables as well as maternal variables related to pregnancy, were collected. Multivariable weighted logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between birth weight and overweight. All prevalent cases of overweight (n = 160) were selected to compose the case group and a random sub-sample of all students participating in the study (n = 276 students, of whom 88 were cases) were the control group. RESULTS: An unadjusted 6% increase in the excess weight prevalence ratio (p-value = 0.004) was found for each 100 g increase in birth weight. With adjustment for age, sex and behavioral variables (models 1 and 2), the association of birth weight with excess weight was positive and statistically significant, but it was no longer significant in the final model (model 3) when clinical variables were considered. CONCLUSIONS: Although some of the secondary associations were statistically significant, we could not identify a significant association between birthweight and excess weight in adolescents.

Fatores associados à mortalidade por causas inespecíficas e mal definidas no estado do Amazonas, Brasil, de 2006 a 2012 / Factors associated with unspecified and ill-defined causes of death in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, from 2006 to 2012

Resumo Objetivou-se investigar fatores associados à mortalidade por causas inespecíficas e mal definidas no estado do Amazonas (AM). Desenvolveu-se um estudo seccional incluindo 90.439 registros de óbitos não fetais, com residência e ocorrência no AM entre 2006 e 2012. Foram estimadas razões de chances de causas inespecíficas e mal definidas por meio de regressão logística multinomial hierárquica. A proporção de causas mal definidas e inespecíficas foi, respectivamente, 16,6% e 9,1%. A ocorrência de causas mal definidas diminuiu ao longo dos anos e a de causas inespecíficas somente no último biênio. As causas inespecíficas associaram-se com residência e ocorrência do óbito fora da capital, via pública, sexo feminino, dos 10 aos 49 anos, cor parda e quando atestadas por legistas. As causas mal definidas associaram-se com residência e ocorrência fora da capital, em domicílios, a partir de 40 anos, cor não branca, não ser solteiro, baixa escolaridade, assistência médica e falta de informação sobre o atestante. A mortalidade por causas mal definidas e inespecíficas no AM declinou entre 2006 e 2012, associando-se às dimensões espacial e temporal, fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e à assistência médica na ocasião do óbito.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate factors associated with unspecified and ill-defined causes of death in the State of Amazonas (AM), Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study on 90,439 non-fetal deaths of residents in AM from 2006 to 2012. The hierarchical multinomial logistic model estimated odds ratios of unspecified and ill-defined causes of death. Ill-defined and unspecified causes of death proportional mortality was, respectively, 16.6% and 9.1%. Ill-defined causes showed a decreasing trend over the years, while unspecified causes only decreased in the last two years. Unspecified causes of death were associated with residence and death outside the capital, public roads, female gender, age group 10-49 years, brown skin color and when certified by forensic doctors. Ill-defined causes of death were associated with residence and occurrence outside capital, at home, ages 40 years and older, non-whites, not being single, low schooling, under medical care and when examiner was unknown. Ill-defined and unspecified cause mortality in the State of Amazonas decreased between 2006 and 2012 in AM and was associated with space and time, demographic and socioeconomic factors and medical care at the moment of death.

Factors associated with unspecified and ill-defined causes of death in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, from 2006 to 2012. / Fatores associados à mortalidade por causas inespecíficas e mal definidas no estado do Amazonas, Brasil, de 2006 a 2012.

This study aimed to investigate factors associated with unspecified and ill-defined causes of death in the State of Amazonas (AM), Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study on 90,439 non-fetal deaths of residents in AM from 2006 to 2012. The hierarchical multinomial logistic model estimated odds ratios of unspecified and ill-defined causes of death. Ill-defined and unspecified causes of death proportional mortality was, respectively, 16.6% and 9.1%. Ill-defined causes showed a decreasing trend over the years, while unspecified causes only decreased in the last two years. Unspecified causes of death were associated with residence and death outside the capital, public roads, female gender, age group 10-49 years, brown skin color and when certified by forensic doctors. Ill-defined causes of death were associated with residence and occurrence outside capital, at home, ages 40 years and older, non-whites, not being single, low schooling, under medical care and when examiner was unknown. Ill-defined and unspecified cause mortality in the State of Amazonas decreased between 2006 and 2012 in AM and was associated with space and time, demographic and socioeconomic factors and medical care at the moment of death.

Objetivou-se investigar fatores associados à mortalidade por causas inespecíficas e mal definidas no estado do Amazonas (AM). Desenvolveu-se um estudo seccional incluindo 90.439 registros de óbitos não fetais, com residência e ocorrência no AM entre 2006 e 2012. Foram estimadas razões de chances de causas inespecíficas e mal definidas por meio de regressão logística multinomial hierárquica. A proporção de causas mal definidas e inespecíficas foi, respectivamente, 16,6% e 9,1%. A ocorrência de causas mal definidas diminuiu ao longo dos anos e a de causas inespecíficas somente no último biênio. As causas inespecíficas associaram-se com residência e ocorrência do óbito fora da capital, via pública, sexo feminino, dos 10 aos 49 anos, cor parda e quando atestadas por legistas. As causas mal definidas associaram-se com residência e ocorrência fora da capital, em domicílios, a partir de 40 anos, cor não branca, não ser solteiro, baixa escolaridade, assistência médica e falta de informação sobre o atestante. A mortalidade por causas mal definidas e inespecíficas no AM declinou entre 2006 e 2012, associando-se às dimensões espacial e temporal, fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e à assistência médica na ocasião do óbito.

Violência contra mulheres em Niterói, Rio de Janeiro: informações do Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes (2010-2014) / Violence against women in Niterói/RJ: data from the Violence and Accident Surveillance System (2010 to 2014)

Resumo Introdução Violência contra mulheres constitui uma violação dos direitos humanos e um problema de saúde pública. Objetivo Analisar as notificações de violência contra mulheres (10 anos de idade ou mais), residentes em Niterói/RJ (2010-2014). Método Estudo descritivo de série de casos. As fontes de dados foram o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e o Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). Foram descritas as distribuições das características de violência e calculadas as taxas de incidência. Resultados Foram notificados 307 episódios de violência com incidência de 26,2/100 mil, decrescente com a idade. O percentual de incompletitude variou de 0 a 65%. Violência física (186) predominou, seguida de violências psicológica (121) e sexual (96) e de negligência (64). As adolescentes foram as principais vítimas de violência sexual (56,3%). Cônjuges, ex-cônjuges, namorados(as), ex-namorados(as) foram autores em 42,6% das agressões físicas, indicando ocorrência de violência entre parceiros íntimos. Mães foram responsáveis por 50,7% das negligências, refletindo a ausência de compartilhamento e a sobrecarga feminina com relação à criação dos filhos. Conclusão As notificações de violência interpessoal/autoprovocada possibilitam intervir caso a caso, e a análise sistemática das informações poderá respaldar a elaboração de políticas e estratégias de prevenção e enfrentamento da violência contra mulheres.

Abstract Background Violence against women is a violation of human rights and a public health problem. Objective To analyze surveillance reports of violence against women (aged 10 years or more), living in Niterói, RJ, from 2010 to 2014. Method Descriptive study based on case series was carried out. Case reports and population estimates were provided, respectively, by the National Surveillance Information System (SINAN) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health (DATASUS). Incidence rates and proportions were calculated according to violence related characteristics. Results There were 307 reported cases of violence with incidence rate 26.2 per 100 thousand in the period studied decreased with age. Data incompleteness ranged from zero to 65%. Physical violence (n=186) was the most frequent type, followed by psychological (n=121), sexual (n=96) and negligence (n=64). Adolescents were the main victim of sexual violence (56.3%). Husband, ex-husband, boyfriend or ex-boyfriend were perpetrators in 42.6% of physical assaults, denoting the occurrence of violence between intimate partners. Mother was considered as the perpetrator in 50.7% of negligence cases, reflecting lack of sharing and female burden related to raising children alone. Conclusion Interpersonal/self-induced violence surveillance allow individual interventions and provide data for policy development towards prevention of violence against women.

Adequação do peso ao nascer para idade gestacional de acordo com a curva INTERGROWTH-21 st e fatores associados ao pequeno para idade gestacional / Adequacy of birth weight for gestational age according to INTERGROWTH-21st curve and factors associated with the small for gestational age

Resumo Introdução Apesar do conhecimento sobre a etiologia multifatorial do crescimento intrauterino restrito, há escassez de estudos nacionais. Objetivo Estimar a adequação do peso ao nascer para idade gestacional e investigar fatores associados ao recém-nascido pequeno para idade gestacional (RN-PIG), com destaque para tabagismo e pré-natal. Método Estudo seccional em maternidades públicas no Rio de Janeiro e em Niterói, em 2011, com 1.771 nascidos vivos. Foram realizadas entrevistas com puérperas e consultas em prontuários. Estimaram-se prevalências e intervalos de confiança (IC95%) de recém-nascido pequeno para idade gestacional (RN-PIG), recém-nascido adequado para idade gestacional (RN-AIG) e recém-nascido grande para idade gestacional (RN-GIG), usando a curva INTERGROWTH-21st , segundo características maternas, da gestação e do recém-nascido. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson, com o desfecho sendo nascer PIG. Resultados As prevalências foram de 9,3% para PIG e de 15,9% para GIG. Cor parda (RP = 1,4), baixa escolaridade (RP = 1,3), inadequação de pré-natal (RP = 1,3), tabagismo (redução/cessação: RP = 1,7; continuidade: RP = 2,4) e hipertensão arterial (RP = 1,3) foram associados ao PIG na análise univariada (p < 0,20), e apenas tabagismo manteve-se associado no modelo final (redução/cessação: RP = 1,7 e continuidade: RP = 2,3; p < 0,05). Conclusão A prevalência de PIG mostrou um efeito dose-resposta com o tabagismo. Estratégias populacionais antitabaco devem intensificar a prevenção direcionada às mulheres em idade fértil e, particularmente, às gestantes, com ações específicas para estímulo à cessação no pré-natal.

Abstract Background There are few national studies despite the knowledge about the multifactorial etiology of restricted intrauterine growth. Objective To estimate the adequacy of birth weight for gestational age and investigate factors associated with the newborns small for the gestational age (NB-SGA). Method This is a cross-sectional study in public maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro and Niterói, RJ, in 2011 (1,771 live births). Data sources was through interviews with the mothers and medical records. The prevalence of NB-SGA, adequate (NB-AGA) and large (NB-LGA) for gestational age newborn were estimated (INTERGROWTH21st) according to maternal, gestational and newborn characteristics. Poisson regression was used (outcome SGA). Results The prevalence rates were: 9.3% SGA and 15.9% LGA. Brown skin color (prevalence rate - PR = 1.4), low scholarship (RP=1.3), prenatal inadequacy (RP = 1.3), smoking (reduction/cessation: RP = 1.7, continuity: RP = 2.4) and arterial hypertension (RP = 1.3) were associated with SGA in the univariate analysis (p<0.20) and only smoking remained in the final model (reduction/cessation: RP = 1.7 and continuity: RP = 2.3, p<0.05). Conclusion SGA prevalence showed dose-response relationship with smoking. Population-based anti-smoking strategies should be intensified for women of childbearing age, and particularly for pregnant women, promoting prenatal care smoking-cessation practices.

[Validity of information on birth weight for studies based on fetal programming]. / Validade da informação sobre o peso ao nascer para estudos fundamentados na programação fetal.

Birth weight is essential information in fetal programming studies and is generally obtained retrospectively. In Brazil's Information System on Live Births (SINASC), birth weight is valid information but is not always accessible. The study aimed to establish an algorithm for the selection of the most reliable data source for birth weight in the absence of information in the SINASC database. In a cross-sectional study of 6-14-year-old schoolchildren in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, in 2010, birth weight was collected through a self-completed questionnaire, interview, medical records from the Family Physician Program, and the SINASC database. We calculated intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and differences in mean birth weight. ICCs varied from 0.90 to 0.99. All the other sources showed higher mean birth weight than SINASC, allowing differences up to 100g. Birth weight is recorded at birth (SINASC) or close to it (Family Physician Program), and in the absence of these sources, birth weight as retrieved at 6-14 years of age is a reliable option. To complement information on birth weight in the absence of SINASC, we recommend the following order: Family Physician Program, interview, and questionnaire.

Validade da informação sobre o peso ao nascer para estudos fundamentados na programação fetal / Validity of information on birth weight for studies based on fetal programming / Validez de la información sobre el peso al nacer para estudios basados en la programación fetal

Peso ao nascer é uma informação essencial nos estudos de programação fetal e, em geral, obtida retrospectivamente. No Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), peso ao nascer é uma informação válida, mas nem sempre acessível. Objetivou-se estabelecer um algoritmo para seleção da fonte de dados de maior confiabilidade do peso ao nascer na ausência da informação do SINASC. No estudo seccional de estudantes de 6-14 anos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2010, peso ao nascer foi coletado por meio de questionário de autopreenchimento, entrevista, prontuários do Programa Médico de Família (PMF), além do SINASC. Foram calculados coeficientes de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e diferenças das médias de peso ao nascer. CCIs variaram de 0,90 a 0,99. Todas as fontes apresentaram médias de peso ao nascer maiores do que SINASC, considerando-se aceitáveis diferenças até 100g. O peso ao nascer é registrado no nascimento (SINASC) ou próximo deste (PMF) e, na ausência dessas fontes, a lembrança do peso ao nascer de 6-14 anos após o nascimento é uma opção confiável. Para complementar a informação sobre peso ao nascer na ausência do SINASC, recomenda-se a seguinte ordenação: PMF, entrevista e questionário.

Birth weight is essential information in fetal programming studies and is generally obtained retrospectively. In Brazil's Information System on Live Births (SINASC), birth weight is valid information but is not always accessible. The study aimed to establish an algorithm for the selection of the most reliable data source for birth weight in the absence of information in the SINASC database. In a cross-sectional study of 6-14-year-old schoolchildren in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, in 2010, birth weight was collected through a self-completed questionnaire, interview, medical records from the Family Physician Program, and the SINASC database. We calculated intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and differences in mean birth weight. ICCs varied from 0.90 to 0.99. All the other sources showed higher mean birth weight than SINASC, allowing differences up to 100g. Birth weight is recorded at birth (SINASC) or close to it (Family Physician Program), and in the absence of these sources, birth weight as retrieved at 6-14 years of age is a reliable option. To complement information on birth weight in the absence of SINASC, we recommend the following order: Family Physician Program, interview, and questionnaire.

El peso al nacer es una información esencial en los estudios de programación fetal y, en general, obtenida retrospectivamente. En el Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC), peso al nacer es una información válida, pero no siempre accesible. Tuvo como objetivo establecer un algoritmo para la selección de la fuente de datos de mayor confiabilidad del peso al nacer, en ausencia de información del SINASC. En el estudio por secciones de estudiantes de 6-14 años, Niterói, Río de Janeiro, Brasil, 2010, el peso al nacer se recogió mediante un cuestionario para autocompletar, entrevista, historias clínicas del Programa Médico de Familia (PMF), además del SINASC. Se calcularon coeficientes de correlación intraclase (CCI) y diferencias de las medias de peso al nacer. Los CCIs variaron de 0,90 a 0,99. Todas las fuentes presentaron medias de peso al nacer mayores que el SINASC, considerándose aceptables diferencias hasta 100g. El peso al nacer es registrado en el nacimiento (SINASC) o cercano a este (PMF) y, en la ausencia de estas fuentes, el recuerdo del peso al nacer de 6-14 años tras el nacimiento es una opción fiable. Para complementar la información sobre peso al nacer, en ausencia del SINASC, se recomienda la siguiente ordenación: PMF, entrevista y cuestionario.

Uso do diagnóstico principal das internações do Sistema Único de Saúde para qualificar a informação sobre causa básica de mortes naturais em idosos / Use of primary diagnosis during hospitalization in the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) to qualify information regarding the underlying cause of natural deaths among the elderly

RESUMO: Introdução: Causas mal definidas de morte destacam-se entre idosos devido à alta frequência de comorbidades e consequente dificuldade de definir a causa básica. Objetivo: Analisar a validade e a confiabilidade da informação “diagnóstico principal” da internação hospitalar para recuperação da causa de morte natural de idosos que tiveram originalmente “causas mal definidas” como causa básica nas Declarações de Óbito, ocorridas no estado do Rio de Janeiro, em 2006. Métodos: As bases de dados obtidas dos Sistemas de Informações sobre Mortalidade e de Internação Hospitalar foram relacionadas probabilisticamente. Foram calculados percentuais de concordância, coeficiente Kappa, sensibilidade, especificidade e valor preditivo positivo do diagnóstico principal da internação de idosos que evoluíram para óbito por causas naturais. Óbitos por “causas mal definidas” tiveram uma nova causa definida a partir do diagnóstico principal. Resultados: A confiabilidade do diagnóstico principal foi boa, segundo a concordância percentual total (50,2%), e razoável, conforme o coeficiente Kappa (k = 0,4; p < 0,0001). Doenças do aparelho circulatório e neoplasias ocorreram com maior frequência entre os óbitos e as internações e apresentaram maior concordância e valores preditivos positivos por capítulo e agrupamento da Classificação Internacional de Doenças. A recuperação da causa básica ocorreu em 22,6% dos óbitos por causas mal definidas (n = 14). Conclusão: A metodologia desenvolvida e aplicada para recuperação da causa natural de óbito entre idosos neste estudo tem como vantagens a efetividade e a redução dos custos provenientes de uma investigação do óbito. Esta é recomendada nas situações de registros não relacionados e de baixo valor preditivo positivo. O monitoramento do perfil de mortalidade por causas é necessário para atualização periódica dos valores preditivos.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Ill-defined causes of death are common among the elderly owing to the high frequency of comorbidities and, consequently, to the difficulty in defining the underlying cause of death. Objective: To analyze the validity and reliability of the “primary diagnosis” in hospitalization to recover the information on the underlying cause of death in natural deaths among the elderly whose deaths were originally assigned to “ill-defined cause” in their Death Certificate. The hospitalizations occurred in the state of Rio de Janeiro, in 2006. Methods: The databases obtained in the Information Systems on Mortality and Hospitalization were probabilistically linked. The following data were calculated for hospitalizations of the elderly that evolved into deaths with a natural cause: concordance percentages, Kappa coefficient, sensitivity, specificity, and the positive predictive value of the primary diagnosis. Deaths related to “ill-defined causes” were assigned to a new cause, which was defined based on the primary diagnosis. Results: The reliability of the primary diagnosis was good, according to the total percentage of consistency (50.2%), and fair, according to the Kappa coefficient (k = 0.4; p < 0.0001). Diseases related to the circulatory system and neoplasia occurred with the highest frequency among the deaths and the hospitalizations and presented a higher consistency of positive predictive values per chapter and grouping of the International Classification of Diseases. The recovery of the information on the primary cause occurred in 22.6% of the deaths with ill-defined causes (n = 14). Conclusion: The methodology developed and applied for the recovery of the information on the natural cause of death among the elderly in this study had the advantage of effectiveness and the reduction of costs compared to an investigation of the death that is recommended in situations of non-linked and low positive predictive values. Monitoring the mortality profile by the cause of death is necessary to periodically update the predictive values.

Fetal programming and metabolic abnormalities: design of a case-control study. / Programação fetal e alterações metabólicas em escolares: metodologia de um estudo caso-controle.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the methodological features of a study on the association between restricted intrauterine growth and prevalence of overweight, obesity and hypertension in school aged children. METHODS: The study was conducted in two stages in two public schools in Niterói (RJ), from June through December 2010. All students aged 6 to 14 years were eligible to participate. The first stage consisted of an interview to collect information on demographic variables, diet and other variables. A sample was selected for the second stage, in order to conduct an equivalent of a case-cohort study. There was an interval of about 15 days between the two stages. Cases were overweight students, defined as a Z-score for BMI/age/sex > +1.00 in the first stage. Controls were selected by using a random schedule in which the sample frame was the whole cohort. Bioelectrical impedance analysis, carotid ultrasound to measure intimal-medial thickness, blood measurements and interviews were obtained. Gestational age and weight at birth were used to define proxy variables of restricted intrauterine growth. Early health information was obtained from medical registers. RESULTS: The study participation was 76.4% (n = 795) out of 1,040 eligible to participate). 85.1% of parent's questionnaires were returned. 62.5% of the eligible children participated in the case-control study (case: control ratio = 1:1.8). Early life health information was obtained from 292 children. CONCLUSION: The present study has the potential to provide important information about multiple outcomes and exposures related to restricted intrauterine growth and metabolic abnormalities.

Programação fetal e alterações metabólicas em escolares: metodologia de um estudo caso-controle / Fetal programming and metabolic abnormalities: design of a case-control study

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever a metodologia de um estudo sobre associações entre crescimento intrauterino restrito (CIUR) e prevalência de sobrepeso, obesidade e hipertensão arterial em escolares. Métodos: O estudo, conduzido em dois estágios, foi desenvolvido em 2 escolas municipais de Niterói (RJ) de junho a dezembro de 2010, sendo elegíveis todos os escolares de 6 a 14 anos. O primeiro estágio consistiu em um inquérito nutricional e de potenciais fatores de risco. Foram aplicados questionários aos responsáveis e adolescentes. Concomitantemente, foram selecionados os participantes de um estudo caso-controle, com casos prevalentes definidos como todos os escolares que apresentaram excesso de peso (Z-score de índice de massa corporal -IMC/idade/sexo > +1,00). O grupo controle consistiu em uma amostra aleatória da população de estudo do inquérito, o que permitiu o cálculo de razões de prevalências. Foram realizados bioimpedância elétrica, exames de sangue, ultrassonografia da carótida e entrevistas. As variáveis proxy de CIUR foram definidas a partir de informações sobre peso ao nascer (PN) e idade gestacional (IG). Adicionalmente, foram coletadas informações sobre os dois primeiros anos de vida dos escolares a partir de seus prontuários médicos. Resultado s: Entre os 1.040 escolares elegíveis, participaram do estudo 795 escolares (76,4%). A taxa de retorno do questionário enviado para os responsáveis foi de 85,1%. Para o estudo caso-controle, 62,5% (n = 363) dos selecionados participaram, resultando em uma razão caso:controle de 1:1,8. Foram localizados 55,8% (n = 444) dos prontuários, dos quais em 65,7% (n = 292) foram coletadas informações dos primeiros anos de vida. Conclusão: O presente estudo permitirá a análise de múltiplos desfechos e exposições relacionados ao CIUR e alterações metabólicas.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe the methodological features of a study on the association between restricted intrauterine growth and prevalence of overweight, obesity and hypertension in school aged children. Methods: The study was conducted in two stages in two public schools in Niterói (RJ), from June through December 2010. All students aged 6 to 14 years were eligible to participate. The first stage consisted of an interview to collect information on demographic variables, diet and other variables. A sample was selected for the second stage, in order to conduct an equivalent of a case-cohort study. There was an interval of about 15 days between the two stages. Cases were overweight students, defined as a Z-score for BMI/age/sex > +1.00 in the first stage. Controls were selected by using a random schedule in which the sample frame was the whole cohort. Bioelectrical impedance analysis, carotid ultrasound to measure intimal-medial thickness, blood measurements and interviews were obtained. Gestational age and weight at birth were used to define proxy variables of restricted intrauterine growth. Early health information was obtained from medical registers. Results: The study participation was 76.4% (n = 795) out of 1,040 eligible to participate). 85.1% of parent's questionnaires were returned. 62.5% of the eligible children participated in the case-control study (case: control ratio = 1:1.8). Early life health information was obtained from 292 children. Conclusion: The present study has the potential to provide important information about multiple outcomes and exposures related to restricted intrauterine growth and metabolic abnormalities.

Use of primary diagnosis during hospitalization in the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) to qualify information regarding the underlying cause of natural deaths among the elderly. / Uso do diagnóstico principal das internações do Sistema Único de Saúde para qualificar a informação sobre causa básica de mortes naturais em idosos.

INTRODUCTION:: Ill-defined causes of death are common among the elderly owing to the high frequency of comorbidities and, consequently, to the difficulty in defining the underlying cause of death. OBJECTIVE:: To analyze the validity and reliability of the "primary diagnosis" in hospitalization to recover the information on the underlying cause of death in natural deaths among the elderly whose deaths were originally assigned to "ill-defined cause" in their Death Certificate. The hospitalizations occurred in the state of Rio de Janeiro, in 2006. METHODS:: The databases obtained in the Information Systems on Mortality and Hospitalization were probabilistically linked. The following data were calculated for hospitalizations of the elderly that evolved into deaths with a natural cause: concordance percentages, Kappa coefficient, sensitivity, specificity, and the positive predictive value of the primary diagnosis. Deaths related to "ill-defined causes" were assigned to a new cause, which was defined based on the primary diagnosis. RESULTS:: The reliability of the primary diagnosis was good, according to the total percentage of consistency (50.2%), and fair, according to the Kappa coefficient (k = 0.4; p < 0.0001). Diseases related to the circulatory system and neoplasia occurred with the highest frequency among the deaths and the hospitalizations and presented a higher consistency of positive predictive values per chapter and grouping of the International Classification of Diseases. The recovery of the information on the primary cause occurred in 22.6% of the deaths with ill-defined causes (n = 14). CONCLUSION:: The methodology developed and applied for the recovery of the information on the natural cause of death among the elderly in this study had the advantage of effectiveness and the reduction of costs compared to an investigation of the death that is recommended in situations of non-linked and low positive predictive values. Monitoring the mortality profile by the cause of death is necessary to periodically update the predictive values.

Estrutura, organização e processos de trabalho no controle da tuberculose em municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Structure, organization and working processes within tuberculosis control in municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Estructura, organización y procesos de trabajo en el control de la tuberculosis en municipios del estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil

Em 2011, o estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ) apresentou a mais alta taxa de incidência de tuberculose do país. Realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa sobre a estrutura, a organização e os processos de trabalho no Programa de Controle da Tuberculose (PCT), por meio de uma análise temática de entrevistas com coordenadores do PCT em 13 municípios do ERJ. A descentralização do controle da tuberculose – por intermédio da incorporação de suas normas pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) – exige a reorganização dos processos de trabalho do Programa. A substituição contínua de profissionais da ESF e a estrutura insuficiente do PCT prejudicam o controle da tuberculose. A superação do modelo baseado em um serviço de tratamento especializado requer a integração do PCT a todos os níveis do Sistema Único de Saúde, e atribuição de autonomia aos coordenadores, para tomarem decisões.

In 2011, the state of Rio de Janeiro presented the highest tuberculosis incidence rate nationwide. We conducted a qualitative study on the structure, organization and working processes within the tuberculosis control program (TCP), by means of thematic analysis on interviews with the TCP coordinators of 13 municipalities in this state. Decentralization of the TCP, through incorporation of its guidelines by the family health strategy (FHS) teams, demands reorganization of the working processes within the TCP. Continuous substitution of FHS professionals and the insufficient structure of the TCP impair tuberculosis control. In order to go beyond a control model based on specialized tuberculosis treatment services, the TCP needs to be integrated with all levels of the Brazilian National Health System and autonomy needs to be given to the coordinators, regarding decision-making.

En 2011, el Estado de Río de Janeiro (ERJ) presentó el más alto índice de incidencia de tuberculosis del país. Realizamos una encuesta cualitativa sobre la estructura, la organización y los procesos de trabajo en el Programa de control de la tuberculosis (PCT), por medio de un análisis temático de entrevistas con coordinadores del PCT en 13 municipios del ERJ. La descentralización del control de la tuberculosis – por intermedio de la incorporación de sus normas por parte de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia (ESF) – exige la reorganización de los procesos de trabajo del programa. La sustitución continua de profesionales de la ESF y la estructura insuficiente del PCT perjudican el control de la tuberculosis. La superación del modelo basado en un servicio de tratamiento especializado requiere la integración del PCT en todos los niveles del Sistema Brasileño de Salud y la atribución de autonomía a los coordinadores para tomar decisiones.

Low birthweight and postnatal weight in full-term infants under six months old, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

This study investigated the association between low birthweight and postnatal weight in full-term infants, taking social, economic, maternal and babies characteristics into account. A cross-sectional study was conducted with infants under six months old at 27 primary healthcare units in the Rio de Janeiro municipality, Brazil, in 2007. Only singleton full-term babies were included. The association between full-term low birthweight and postnatal weight was tested using the multiple regression model adjusted for the gender and age of the baby, as well as potential confounding factors. A total of 875 babies were evaluated, of whom 4.5% were small for gestational age. Small-for-gestational-age babies weighted, on average, 977.4 grams less than those born with adequate weight for gestational age, after adjustment by gender and age, as well as marital status and parity. Girls were 426.74 grams lighter than boys; children from mothers with live-in partners were 146.2 grams heavier than those of single mothers, and the babies of primiparae weighed 204.67 grams less than the children of multiparae. Low birthweight is an unfavorable factor for postnatal weight of full-term infants. These children, particularly daughters of primipara single mothers, must be followed more frequently in relation to their postnatal growth.

Low birthweight and postnatal weight in full-term infants under six months old, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Baixo peso ao nascer e peso pós-natal em bebês a termo menores de seis meses de idade, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

This study investigated the association between low birthweight and postnatal weight in full-term infants, taking social, economic, maternal and babies characteristics into account. A cross-sectional study was conducted with infants under six months old at 27 primary healthcare units in the Rio de Janeiro municipality, Brazil, in 2007. Only singleton full-term babies were included. The association between full-term low birthweight and postnatal weight was tested using the multiple regression model adjusted for the gender and age of the baby, as well as potential confounding factors. A total of 875 babies were evaluated, of whom 4.5% were small for gestational age. Small-for-gestational-age babies weighted, on average, 977.4 grams less than those born with adequate weight for gestational age, after adjustment by gender and age, as well as marital status and parity. Girls were 426.74 grams lighter than boys; children from mothers with live-in partners were 146.2 grams heavier than those of single mothers, and the babies of primiparae weighed 204.67 grams less than the children of multiparae. Low birthweight is an unfavorable factor for postnatal weight of full-term infants. These children, particularly daughters of primipara single mothers, must be followed more frequently in relation to their postnatal growth.

Este estudo investigou a associação entre baixo peso ao nascer e peso pós-natal em crianças a termo, considerando-se características sociais, econômicas, maternas e infantis. Estudo transversal realizado em bebês com até seis meses de idade em 27 unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Foram incluídos no estudo somente bebês a termo e não gemelares. A associação entre baixo peso ao nascer e peso pós-natal em crianças a termo foi testada utilizando modelo de regressão múltipla ajustada por sexo e idade do bebê e potenciais confundidores. Foram avaliadas 875 crianças, das quais 4,5% eram de baixo peso ao nascer. O peso pós-natal dos bebês a termo e com baixo peso foi em média 977,4 gramas menor do que entre aqueles que nasceram a termo com peso adequado, depois de ajustado por sexo e idade da criança, situação conjugal e paridade. Meninas pesavam 426,74 gramas a menos do que meninos, filhos de mães com parceiros pesavam 146,2 gramas a mais do que sem parceiros e os bebês de primíparas pesavam 204,67 gramas a menos do que os de multíparas. Nascer com baixo peso é uma situação desfavorável para o peso pós-natal de bebês a termo. Essas crianças, particularmente filhas de mães sem parceiros e primíparas, devem ser acompanhadas mais frequentemente em relação ao crescimento pós-natal.

Correlation between mean body mass index in the population and prevalence of obesity in Brazilian capitals: empirical evidence for a population-based approach of obesity.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between mean body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of obesity in adult populations living in Brazilian State capitals. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted, using data from the National Household Budget Survey conducted in July 2002 through June 2003, including a representative sample of 48.470 households. Pearson's correlation and linear regression coefficients were estimated in order to define the relationships of mean BMI and sex-specific, age standardized obesity prevalence (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m(2)) in adults aged 20 to 59 years. RESULTS: Stronger correlations between BMI and prevalence of obesity were observed in women (r = 0.9; p < 0.001) than in men (r = 0.6; p = 0.001) in all analyzes. A reduction of one unit in mean BMI predicted a decline in the prevalence of obesity of about 4.0% (95% CI: 1.7-6.3) in men, and 3.4% (95% CI: 2.6-4.3) in women. CONCLUSION: We found a correlation between BMI and prevalence of obesity, particularly among women, suggesting that population-based strategies would be effective to reduce the prevalence of obesity in adult populations living in Brazilian state capitals.